Steve Litt via talk wrote on 2025-01-30 15:40:
What are your results when you run that same testing process on systemd itself?
How do you measure system resources without systemd? IO, IP traffic, tasks / processes per job, memory consumption across a set of processes, CPU usage, etc. need to be accounted for. To answer your question, first I ran `ps -e | wc -l` and got: # ps -e | wc -l 482 Then I chose `systemctl status system.slice` to get this list (copied & pasted, the reader can deal with the formatting, looks nice in `less` - the default presentation mode - has colours too): ● system.slice - System Slice Loaded: loaded Active: active since Fri 2025-01-24 12:58:53 PST; 6 days ago Docs: man:systemd.special(7) IP: 1.9G in, 52.2M out IO: 227.1G read, 122.4G written Tasks: 173 Memory: 416.1M CPU: 1d 18h 25min 36.543s CGroup: /system.slice ├─NetworkManager.service │ └─1458 /usr/sbin/NetworkManager --no-daemon ├─accounts-daemon.service │ └─1448 /usr/libexec/accounts-daemon ├─acpid.service │ └─1449 /usr/sbin/acpid ├─atop.service │ └─1704670 /usr/bin/atop -R -w /var/log/atop/atop_20250130 600 ├─atopacct.service │ └─1454 /usr/sbin/atopacctd ├─avahi-daemon.service │ ├─1452 "avahi-daemon: running [w00.local]" │ └─1516 "avahi-daemon: chroot helper" ├─colord.service │ └─1680 /usr/libexec/colord ├─cron.service │ └─1456 /usr/sbin/cron -f -P ├─cups-browsed.service │ └─1704678 /usr/sbin/cups-browsed ├─cups.service │ ├─1704619 /usr/sbin/cupsd -l │ ├─1704676 /usr/lib/cups/notifier/dbus dbus:// "" │ ├─1704677 /usr/lib/cups/notifier/dbus dbus:// "" │ └─1704909 /usr/lib/cups/notifier/dbus dbus:// "" ├─dbus.service │ └─1457 @dbus-daemon --system --address=systemd: --nofork --nopidfile --systemd-activation --syslog-only ├─fwupd.service │ └─119716 /usr/libexec/fwupd/fwupd ├─haveged.service │ └─1390 /usr/sbin/haveged --Foreground --verbose=1 ├─irqbalance.service │ └─1464 /usr/sbin/irqbalance --foreground ├─libvirtd.service │ ├─1630 /usr/sbin/libvirtd │ ├─1843 /usr/sbin/dnsmasq --conf-file=/var/lib/libvirt/dnsmasq/default.conf --leasefile-ro --dhcp-script=/usr/lib/libvirt/libvirt_leaseshelper │ └─1844 /usr/sbin/dnsmasq --conf-file=/var/lib/libvirt/dnsmasq/default.conf --leasefile-ro --dhcp-script=/usr/lib/libvirt/libvirt_leaseshelper ├─lxc-monitord.service │ └─1631 /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/lxc/lxc-monitord --daemon ├─lxc-net.service │ └─2142 dnsmasq --conf-file=/dev/null -s lxc -S /lxc/ -u lxc-dnsmasq --strict-order --bind-interfaces --pid-file=/run/lxc/dnsmasq.pid --listen-address 10.0.3.1 --dhcp-range 10.0.3.2,10.0.3.254 --dhcp-lease-max=253 --dhcp-no-override --except-interface=lo --interface=lxcbr0 --dhcp-leasefile=/var/lib/misc/dnsmasq.lxcbr0.leases --dhcp-authoritative ├─lxcfs.service │ └─1470 /usr/bin/lxcfs /var/lib/lxcfs ├─mdmonitor.service │ └─1079 /sbin/mdadm --monitor --scan ├─networkd-dispatcher.service │ └─1474 /usr/bin/python3 /usr/bin/networkd-dispatcher --run-startup-triggers ├─nscd.service │ └─1482 /usr/sbin/nscd ├─polkit.service │ └─1632 /usr/libexec/polkitd --no-debug ├─power-profiles-daemon.service │ └─1480 /usr/libexec/power-profiles-daemon ├─rpcbind.service │ └─1387 /sbin/rpcbind -f -w ├─rsyslog.service │ └─1483 /usr/sbin/rsyslogd -n -iNONE ├─rtkit-daemon.service │ └─2956 /usr/libexec/rtkit-daemon ├─sddm.service │ ├─2922 /usr/bin/sddm │ └─2926 /usr/lib/xorg/Xorg -nolisten tcp -background none -seat seat0 vt2 -auth /run/sddm/xauth_OgQFZJ -noreset -displayfd 16 ├─smartmontools.service │ └─1484 /usr/sbin/smartd -n ├─snap.cups.cups-browsed.service │ ├─ 1633 /bin/sh /snap/cups/1067/scripts/run-cups-browsed │ ├─ 2207 /bin/sh /snap/cups/1067/scripts/run-cups-browsed │ └─1329154 sleep 3600 ├─snap.cups.cupsd.service │ ├─1634 /bin/sh /snap/cups/1067/scripts/run-cupsd │ ├─2084 cupsd -f -s /var/snap/cups/common/etc/cups/cups-files.conf -c /var/snap/cups/common/etc/cups/cupsd.conf │ └─2085 cups-proxyd /var/snap/cups/common/run/cups.sock /run/cups/cups.sock -l --logdir /var/snap/cups/1067/var/log ├─snapd.service │ └─1491 /usr/lib/snapd/snapd ├─ssh.service │ ├─ 1678 "sshd: /usr/sbin/sshd -D [listener] 1 of 10-100 startups" │ └─1345219 "sshd: [accepted]" "" "" "" "" ├─switcheroo-control.service │ └─1492 /usr/libexec/switcheroo-control ├─system-postfix.slice │ └─postfix@-.service │ ├─ 2913 /usr/lib/postfix/sbin/master -w │ ├─ 2915 qmgr -l -t unix -u │ └─1324231 pickup -l -t unix -u -c ├─system-postgresql.slice │ └─postgresql@14-main.service │ ├─ 2165 /usr/lib/postgresql/14/bin/postgres -D /var/lib/postgresql/14/main -c config_file=/etc/postgresql/14/main/postgresql.conf │ ├─ 2182 "postgres: 14/main: checkpointer " "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" │ ├─ 2183 "postgres: 14/main: background writer " "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" │ ├─ 2184 "postgres: 14/main: walwriter " "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" │ ├─ 2185 "postgres: 14/main: autovacuum launcher " "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" │ ├─ 2186 "postgres: 14/main: stats collector " "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" │ ├─ 2187 "postgres: 14/main: logical replication launcher " "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" │ └─2406063 "postgres: 14/main: postgres rfm [local] idle" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" ├─systemd-journald.service │ └─610 /lib/systemd/systemd-journald ├─systemd-logind.service │ └─1493 /lib/systemd/systemd-logind ├─systemd-machined.service │ └─1494 /lib/systemd/systemd-machined ├─systemd-networkd.service │ └─1370 /lib/systemd/systemd-networkd ├─systemd-resolved.service │ └─1401 /lib/systemd/systemd-resolved ├─systemd-timesyncd.service │ └─1388 /lib/systemd/systemd-timesyncd ├─systemd-udevd.service │ └─643 /lib/systemd/systemd-udevd ├─udisks2.service │ └─1496 /usr/libexec/udisks2/udisksd ├─unattended-upgrades.service │ └─1655 /usr/bin/python3 /usr/share/unattended-upgrades/unattended-upgrade-shutdown --wait-for-signal ├─upower.service │ └─3491 /usr/libexec/upowerd ├─virtlogd.service │ └─2088 /usr/sbin/virtlogd ├─wpa_supplicant.service │ └─1497 /sbin/wpa_supplicant -u -s -O /run/wpa_supplicant └─zfs-zed.service └─1499 /usr/sbin/zed -F [snipped some log entries]